The Oracle command-line utility orapwd creates a password file if one does not exist or is
damaged. Because of the extremely high privileges granted via this file, it should be stored in a
secure directory location that is not available to anyone except for DBAs and operating system
administrators. Once this file is created, the initialization parameter REMOTE_LOGIN_
PASSWORDFILE should be set to EXCLUSIVE to allow users other than SYS to use the password file.
TIP
Create at least one user other than SYS or SYSTEM who has DBA
privileges for daily administrative tasks. If there is more than one DBA
administering a database, each DBA should have their own account
with DBA privileges.
Alternatively, authentication for the SYSDBA and SYSOPER privileges can be done with OS
authentication; in this case, a password file does not have to be created, and the initialization
parameter REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE is set to NONE.
Multiplexing Database Files
To minimize the possibility of losing a control file or a redo log file, multiplexing of database files
reduces or eliminates data-loss problems caused by media failures. Multiplexing can be somewhat
automated by using an Automatic Storage Management (ASM) instance, available starting in
Oracle 10g. For a more budget-conscious enterprise, control files and redo log files can be
multiplexed manually.
Automatic Storage Management
Using Automatic Storage Management is a multiplexing solution that automates the layout of
datafiles, control files, and redo log files by distributing them across all available disks.
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