A small team of seven people at Bolt, Beranek,
and Newman (BBN), a research organization based in Cambridge, MA, developed the initial protocols and
had a working network connecting Stanford, UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah by the end
of 1969.
In 1971, one of the researchers sent the first e-mail message over the network, and in 1973, the file transfer
protocol allowed a file to be moved from one computer to another over the network. These were major
advances??”those who did not live through this period can hardly imagine how exciting these advances were!
Work on core network protocols continued as well, and the TCP/IP protocols became standard in 1983.
In 1985, the National Science Foundation took over the nonmilitary portions of the ARPAnet, and renamed
it the NSFnet. The NSFnet supported the NSF??™s supercomputer centers at Princeton, UC San Diego, Cornell,
University of Illinois, and University of Pittsburgh, as well as other major academic computing centers. The
NSFnet became an international network, with connections to Canada, Europe, Central and South America,
and the Pacific Rim. During this time, the NSF permitted only noncommercial use of the NSFnet. For a good
technical description of the Internet, it??™s still worth reading Ed Krol??™s memo A Hitchhiker??™s Guide to the Internet
from 1989 (http://rfc.
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