1 Explain how an IP packet might become duplicated and arrive twice at its destination.
7.2 Some researchers in networking complain that networking protocols have become ???ossified.??? What do
they mean by that, and why might that be so? Who benefits from ???ossified??? protocols?
7.3 Using Google or some other source, find a list of other ???well-known ports??? in networking besides port 80.
7.4 Most internet communications use the TCP protocol, but some do not. Some communications use only
the IP protocol. Another name for the IP protocol is user datagram protocol (UDP). Why would an
application choose to use UDP? Can you think of a category of applications that might prefer UDP?
7.5 IPv6 uses addresses that are 16 bytes long (128 bits). How many addresses is that per person in the world?
7.6 What classes does Java provide to make network programming easier? Which classes are for TCP
communications? Which classes are for UDP communications?
7.7 It??™s hard to imagine today how hot the competition was between different vendors of proposed
networking standards in the 1980s. Today most wired LANs are implemented using 802.3 Ethernet
protocols. General Motors strongly backed a competitive standard called manufacturing automation
protocol (MAP) that became IEEE standard 802.
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