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As noted in the previous chapter, gathering
performance statistics is low in terms of overhead, and Oracle Database 10g and later
releases automatically gather statistics in populating the Automatic Workload
Repository (AWR).
Audit records always contain the following information:
??? Username
??? Session identifier
??? Terminal identifier
??? Name of schema object accessed
??? Operation performed or attempted
??? Completion code of the operation
??? Date and timestamp
The records may be stored in a data dictionary table (AUD$ in the SYS schema),
which is also called the database audit trail, or in an operating system audit trail.
Oracle9i added fine-grained auditing, which enabled selective audits of SELECT
statements with bind variables based on access of specified columns. Oracle Database
10g added extended SQL support for fine-grained auditing. You can now
perform granular auditing of queries, UPDATE, INSERT, and DELETE operations
through SQL.
In Oracle Database 11g, auditing is turned on by default, and the AUDIT_TRAIL initialization
parameter is set to DB.


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