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28 Chapter 2: Starting a Local X Server
If you prefer BSD-style arguments, or if your version of ps permits
these arguments only, use ps ax in place of ps -e.
2.5 Enabling or Disabling the Display Manager
at Boot Time
Many commercial Unix systems and Linux distributions borrow a boot technique
pioneered in Unix System V: the use of runlevels to start and stop software sets.
Table 2-1 lists the standard runlevels.
Runlevel s or S is a special case: it??™s used internally by init and normally shouldn??™t be
entered directly by the user, who can enter runlevel 1 for single-user mode instead.
But it has a special quality: it??™s the only runlevel that does not require /etc/inittab and
is therefore useful in emergency recovery situations.
When you boot a Linux or Unix system into runlevel 5 (the default for most distributions
except Debian/Ubuntu when an X Window server is installed), the display
manager will start automatically. To prevent this, you can boot your system into runlevel
3 by editing the kernel boot parameters, either temporarily or permanently.
To temporarily change the boot into a different runlevel if you are using the grub
bootloader, take the following steps:
1.
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